Hello,
Your laptop seems using a SSD as main drive:
https://www.manua.ls/asus/rog-g551jw/specificationsI assume your ST1000LM024 disk is a second drive, typically for an additional "Data" storage.
Possibly was your ST1000LM024 not listed in the "Boot" (aka "Start") section of your BIOS, because the BIOS may currently be set one some secure boot from the SSD. Without seeing the BIOS, is is difficult to say.
It is also possible that some cable to your hard drive is damaged, or not tightly connected.
I hope you know what the BIOS is.
Many individuals confuse the BIOS with Windows disk management tool, or with the view of storages (partitions) in Windows file explorer.
Assuming the computer hardware is working properly and everything is connected correctly, it is very common for Linux (Ubuntu or else distro) to be able accessing a partly corrupted file system, whilst Windows or Mac would not. This is simply because filesystem drivers handle errors differently. (Hence, the contrary is also possible, although less common from my experience.)
Some corrupted filesystem can block adriver trying to read it, but not another one, because their logic in case of an error was programmed differently.
You should check if the S.M.A.R.T. values of your hard drive, with a software like "HD Tune", "Hard Disk Sentinel" to see if they report some sign of pre-failing status like typically some bad or weak sectors.
Here's for instance a report that I generated with Hard Disk Sentinel for a Samsung ST500LM012 with 28 weak sectors detected:
https://drive-for-parts.com/shop/report ... %2028.htmlThese softwares also have a non-data-destructive full surface check, which should be run to see if there are some additional still undetected bad sectors.
Pre-failing drives can typically initialize but will typically have a corrupted and/or instable file system.
Hope this helps.