The bridge PCB is making a poor connection to the HDD at the 12V end of the SATA power connector.
The unpopulated location at Q2 appears to be reserved for a dual MOSFET. Q2 would normally switch 12V and 5V power to the HDD under control of the JM20329 bridge IC. However, both switches have been linked out by inductors. L2 is the inductor for the +5V supply. You appear to have bridged the inductor for the +12V supply. This inductor would have burned up when the HDD's 12V TVS diode was shorted by the overvoltage. There would have been no risk of harm to the HDD provided that you did not overvolt it a second time.
If you wish to troubleshoot the bridge PCB, then detach it from the drive and measure the voltages at U3 (0V, 3.3V, 5V).
References:
JM20329, JMicron, Hi-Speed USB to SATA Bridge:
http://hands.com/~lkcl/eoma/iMX6/JM2032 ... 37.com.pdf (datasheet)
http://web.archive.org/web/201010102241 ... 20open.pdf (reference circuit)
93LC46B, Microchip, 1K microwire serial EEPROM, 2.5V - 5.5V:
http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/D ... 21749J.pdfAP4957AGM, APEC, dual P-CHANNEL ENHANCEMENT MODE Power MOSFET, -30V, -30A:
http://www.a-power.com.tw/files/AP_Prod ... 957AGM.pdfhttp://www.a-power.com.tw/pdf/Datasheet/AP4957AGM.pdfhttp://www.a-power.com.tw/files/AP_Prod ... 0(20101223).pdf
FR1117, fitipower, 1A 3.3V LDO regulator:
http://skywilltek.com/WebEditor/UploadF ... 859152.pdf