You answered your question by stipulating "Without using any software".
It will not be possible using just built-in utilities shipped with Windows. OK, it is possible, but it will be very complicated.
Consider using dedicated backup solutions. If you backup data to the same drive, it's not a backup anyway when that hard drive eventually dies.
Another option is to look into Acronis products. They are relatively inexpensive and do a good job at enabling you to recover in case of system failure.
Your most critical data should be backed up offsite. At the very least, setup a dedicated gmail account and e-mail the files to that account. It would be recommended to password-protect those files. One way would be to create a zip file and assign a password to it. This will teach you how:
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx/kb/306531 