There is a multitude of things that you can "try" to help diagnose your issue.
If the data is important and you are not confident with DR methods send it to a pro. With that said, heres a few things you can try on your own.
*disclaimer - you can damage a drive further by running unnecessary tools/utilities causing more damage then there already is *
With that said:
If the drive spins and is not detected at bios you can try a utility called MHDD. I suggest you put this drive into a separate computer that has
a known good ide/sata controller.
Remove all drives from the pc except the one your trying to diagnose. A start would be downloading and burning MHDD, burn it to a cd and boot off of that and attempting to detect the drive. (F2 i believe).
(MHDD has alot of commands and options but the first few things you can try is detecting/resetting the drive)
http://hddguru.com/software/2005.10.02-MHDD/Another utility you can try is "test disk" / "photorec" a free open source program for fixing/diagnosing partitions.
http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDiskYou do not want to "WRITE" anything to the drive but sometimes photorec and testdisk can be great tools to help recover/read and diagnose certain drive flaws and issues.
Report back with any findings and i'll see how i can help you out.