Thank you for the quick reply.
Can it be seen in the BIOS, yes and no.
On cold boot, I can see the drive in the BIOS (it's an ST1000524AS). When I cold boot to openSUSE 12.3, it shows several attempts to initialize fail with the message "ata1: COMRESET failed (errno=-16)" Finally it stops attempting and fails the drive entirely.
If I perform a warm reboot at this point, the drive does not appear in the BIOS and the OS does not attempt (and fail) to access the drive. I can only get the drive to reappear with a hard power cycle.
I have tried to perform a Seagate firmware update from bootable CD. On cold boot the CD gets to the InitDisk message before hanging a very long time. (15-20 minutes seems very long when you've been rebooting the system a half-dozen times.

) The message unable to read partition table drive 00 sector 0 shows up and repeats itself indefinitely. If I warm boot, the drive again has vanished from the BIOS and the firmware update cannot find the drive.
I have a very similar experience when I attempt to boot SeaTools from CD. Eventually SeaTools always starts and reports that it cannot find a drive.
This entire time, the drive spins up find with almost no head movement. Just a tick when the drive is first powered on. (I suspect it's the drive head unparking, but I'm not an expert on this)
I would agree that this seems to be a firmware problem, but how can it be fixed if the firmware does not respond to any attempt to communicate with it? Any suggestions?