HaQue wrote:
but I am no HDD Guru
But you're the man with the impressive Flash drive collection

Can you tell I'm envious?
Let me help out a little here: Component 1 is an inductor, not a TVS, and measuring as "shorted" for DC resistance is therefore correct. This drive doesn't use the +12V power rail at all, so there is actually no +12V TVS. Component 2 is indeed the +5V TVS, and based on that reading, it does not appear shorted so I'm not suspicious of that. Due to other components across the +5V supply, it's normal to measure some resistance. As you said, components 3 & 4 are capacitors and are not shorted, so beyond that, DC resistance measurements are of no real value in this situation.
If the OP explains the history to this situation i.e ask the owner to explain what events led up to the current problem, it
might be possible to make further suggestions, but no guarantee. Someone with the time to spend on this,
might volunteer to walk the OP through some voltage measurements, but again no guarantee.