@hitman.sunny,
You've already received some good advice from
sathyan. Also, as with any DIY attempt like you are planning, there are risks that you will make things worse (or perhaps totally unrecoverable) due to human error or other reasons, so you have to consider and accept these risks, if you decide to continue.
Personally I would use a slightly different approach to the one suggested already, but unfortunately I think it would be too complex for you, as you don't have the necessary experience. It would also require more disk space for (at least one more) "working copy" of the clone. Therefore I'll just give 2 replies to your questions:
hitman.sunny wrote:
1. I've made a backup of Partition table(.dat file), can i restore this backup if something goes wrong during recovery and my data will be safe?
No. Only having a copy of the partition table does not mean that all your data is safe.
hitman.sunny wrote:
2. Can the image i'll create of whole HDD will be useful if recovery fails(i.e. can i use it to start recovery procedure again)?
Yes, you can try to do this, although there are risks e.g. you
must get the direction of clone corect, and you need to research and decide where to store your clone target(s) - file or raw disk - and to understand how you could use them. For example, for
some uses, a clone on a raw disk is easier to use under Windows than a clone into a file.
However your original problem is not (or not
only) logical corruption of the filesystem. Notice the read error in your last screenshot (HD Deep Scan.png) - so one or more sectors are unreadable (with standard Windows retries) on the original disk. With the currently available information, we don't yet know how many sectors are unreadable.
Therefore any cloning attempt should use software (like those already mentioned by
sathyan) which doesn't stop (and allows retry control) when there are any initially unreadable sectors. In your case, I suggest not use TestDisk to perform the cloning, as that has no retry control - unless you cannot understand any better cloning software. There have been many previous threads about cloning software - search the forum and read them. Good luck!